Vinpocetine (formerly RGH-4405; AY-27,255; AY27,255, RGH4405, TCV-3B, Cavinton, Intelectol; Ethyl apovincaminate) is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine which is a natural product extracted from either the seeds of Voacanga africana or the leaves of Vinca minor as well as the lesser periwinkle plant. It is a selective voltage-sensitive sodium channel blocker for the treatment of stroke, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Vinpocetine has been reported to have a selective and noncompetitive inhibition of Ca2+ PDE and thus regulate cyclic GMP levels in smooth muscle. In addition, vinpocetine has been revealed to inhibit the activities of three resolvable PDE in the cytosol of rat aorta with Ki values of 14±2μM, >1000μM and >1000μM for Ca2+ PDE(+)CaM, cGMP PDE and cAMP PDE, respectively.